Free opening performance of steel ladle as a function of filler sand properties

Abstract

The secondary steel refining process uses filler sand as a thermal insulating barrier that separates the liquid metal from direct contact with slide-gate system of the steel ladle. The effective use of this practice must provide a high free opening rate, impacting on increased productivity and quality of steel, reducing the number of stops, thermal loss and even the steel re-oxidation. Both operational parameters and material properties have influence on the free opening rate. In the present work, two chromite-silica sands were analyzed, and some composition changes were proposed. The properties of these materials and the relevant process parameters were evaluated according to the free opening rate under normal operational conditions. The increases in carbon content and in particle size were considered the main factors relating to the filler sand. The percentage of free opening is also strongly influenced by time and temperature of the steel contact.