Numerical analysis of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) buildings : a parametric study on steel connectors when subjected to seismic loading under Eurocode 8 and NBR 15421

Abstract

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) presents significant potential for sustainable construction but requires further investigation under seismic conditions. This study develops a numerical model to evaluate the seismic design requirements of CLT buildings according to European (Eurocode 8) and Brazilian (NBR 15421) standards. Experimental data from a full-scale CLT building were used to validate the model. The model was then applied to assess seismic design according to standard requirements across different geographic locations, and a parametric investigation was conducted to evaluate the impact of the connector design on structural performance. The results indicate that the tested CLT building was overdesigned for all evaluated regions, and a significant reduction in displacements—up to 33%—is achieved by adjusting the quantity of the connectors. Additionally, the analysis shows limitations in NBR 15421, as it resulted in higher average lateral displacements due to insufficient consideration of energy dissipation. These findings underscore the importance of optimising connector configurations to enhance the seismic performance of CLT buildings while reducing overdesign. Additionally, properly considering energy dissipation in design standards is crucial. In particular, the Brazilian standard would benefit from a comprehensive review to better address energy dissipation, ensuring safer and more efficient seismic designs.