Sex-associated cerebellar and hippocampal volume teduction in Alzheimer’s disease : insights from the clinical ADNI cohort and STZ animal model

Abstract

While the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is aging, women are disproportionately affected by the disease. Interestingly, the hippocampus and cerebellum exhibit gender-specific cytoarchitecture differences, which are associated with AD, despite the absence of a role in animal reproductive behavior or hormonal signaling. This study investigates the potential association of sex differences associated with AD by interrogating cerebellar and hippocampal volume in preclinical (MCI) as well as clinical phases of AD compared to cognitively normal patients (CN) and in an animal model of AD, the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced sporadic AD model. In order to investigate putative changes in cerebellum and hippocampus in a rat model of AD, we used a STZ-induced sporadic AD model at three different time points (2, 4, and 8 weeks) after surgery in male and female rats. Previous studies have reported hippocampal-dependent changes as well as sex-dependent behavioral and signaling effects in the STZ animal model of sporadic AD while our current study showed involvement of cerebellum-mediated changes. To interrogate the role of cerebellar volume in AD progression within the human context, we analyzed data available through the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). In a cross-sectional analysis, we observed that levels of peripheral Glial Acidic Fibrillary Protein (GFAP) (astrocytic protein) were associated negatively with cerebellar and hippocampal volumes (β = −0.002, p-value = 0.04; β = −6.721, p-value < 0.0001) and were associated with sex specific differences in males. Our analysis identified that the effect on hippocampal volume was earlier in disease stage, reinforcing the relevance of longitudinal alterations of cerebellum and hippocampus volume over time. The STZ animal model of sporadic AD, corroborated the progressive changes in hippocampal volume and more minor and temporally delayed involvement of the cerebellum volume changes which were dependent on sex. This suggests that cerebellar involvement may be secondary to hippocampal neurodegeneration, and both regional differences were dependent on sex. Due to the association with GFAP, our findings may be due to network astrocyte connection spread regardless of primary pathology. Overall, our study uncovers a novel role for cerebellum in AD in a model and in the human context.