Cross-cultural adaptation and validation to Brazilian Portuguese of the ‘knowledge of gestational diabetes (GDM)’ questionnaire for women with GDM

Abstract

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is characterized by hyperglycemia during pregnancy. There are many diabetes-specifc tools for collecting information validated in Brazilian Portuguese. However, there are no specifc instruments to assess knowledge about GDM in Brazilian Portuguese. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Knowledge of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus questionnaire (GDMKQ). Methods This study was conducted in southern Brazil from January to December 2023. Women with GDM or diabetes identifed during pregnancy were considered eligible based on specifc criteria. Clinical and demographic data were obtained through a medical records search. The GDMKQ underwent a multistep adaptation process, including translation, back-translation, content validity assessment, and cognitive interviews. After administration to participants, internal consistency, item-total correlation, and intraclass correlation were assessed. Confrmatory factor analysis was also conducted to ensure validity. Results A total of 155 pregnant women were recruited for the study. Most participants were aged 18–30 years, and hypertension was the main comorbidity (25.2%). Regarding education, most participants (58.7%) attended high school. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the GDMKQ consisted of 32 items. The intraclass correlation was established by two independent interviews with 57 participants, yielding a correlation coefcient of 0.79 (p<0.01). Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was 0.81 overall but was less than 0.7 for each domain. Item-total correlations were calculated, and confrmatory factor analysis indicated a good model ft. The fnal Brazilian Portuguese version of the questionnaire consisted of 32 items. Conclusions The Brazilian Portuguese version of the GDMKQ yielded a reliable and valid tool for evaluating diabetes knowledge in pregnant women.