The state of the dark energy equation of state circa 2023

Abstract

We critically examine the state of current constraints on the dark energy (DE) equation of state (EoS) w. Our study is motivated by the observation that, while broadly consistent with the cosmological constant value w = −1, several independent probes appear to point towards a slightly phantom EoS (w ∼ −1.03) which, if confirmed, could have important implications for the Hubble tension. We pay attention to the apparent preference for phantom DE from Planck Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data alone, whose origin we study in detail and attribute to a wide range of (physical and geometrical) effects. We deem the combination of Planck CMB, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Type Ia Supernovae, and Cosmic Chronometers data to be particularly trustworthy, inferring from this final consensus dataset w = −1.013+0.038 −0.043, in excellent agreement with the cosmological constant value. Overall, despite a few scattered hints, we find no compelling evidence forcing us away from the cosmological constant (yet).