Selectivity of Iodosulfuron-Methyl to Oat Cultivars

Abstract

Weeds are among the main constraints to high grain yield on hexaploid oat (Avena sativa), but there are few herbicides registered for weed control on this cereal crop. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of the iodosulfuron-methyl on grain yield of elite oat cultivars and investigate the mechanism of oat tolerance to this herbicide. A field experiment conducted in 2012 demonstrated there was no difference on grain yield between cultivars URS Guará and URS Guria, when iodosulfuron-methyl was used up to 4.5 g ha-1. Likewise, experiments from 2013 have demonstrated that iodosulfuron-methyl, at 5 g ha-1, did not affect the oat grain yield of the genotype UFRGS 14, but affected it on the cultivars URS Guará and URS Guria. In 2014, the oat grain yield of five cultivars, including URS Guará, URS Guria and UFRGS 14 was reduced by iodosulfuron-methyl even at only 2.5 g ha-1. The activity of the ALS enzyme, extracted from oat plants, was sensitive to iodosulfuron-methyl. The increment of the iodosulfuron-methyl effect on oat plants treated with herbicide-detoxification inhibitors (malathion + chlorpyrifos), or the reduction of the herbicide efficacy in plants sprayed with the stimulator of detoxification (mefenpyr-diethyl), suggest that iodosulfuron-methyl degradation is the mechanism involved on its selectivity to oat plants.

As plantas daninhas estão entre os principais problemas para o alto rendimento de grãos em aveia hexaploide (Avena sativa), mas existem poucos herbicidas registrados para o controle de plantas daninhas nessa cultura de cereais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o impacto do iodosulfuron-methyl no rendimento de grãos de cultivares de aveia elite e investigar o mecanismo de tolerância de aveia a esse herbicida. Um experimento de campo, realizado em 2012, demonstrou que não houve diferença no rendimento de grãos entre os cultivares URS Guará e URS Guria quando iodosulfuron-methyl foi utilizado até 4,5 g ha-1. Da mesma forma, experimentos realizados em 2013 demonstraram que iodosulfuron-methyl, na dose de 5 g ha-1, não afetou o rendimento de grãos de aveia do genótipo UFRGS 14, porém o fez nos cultivares URS Guará e URS Guria. Em 2014, o rendimento de grãos de aveia de cinco cultivares, incluindo URS Guará, URS Guria e UFRGS 14, foi reduzido em iodosulfuron-methyl mesmo com apenas 2,5 g ha-1. A atividade da enzima ALS, extraída a partir de plantas de aveia, era sensível a iodosulfuron-methyl. O incremento do efeito do iodosulfuronmethyl em plantas de aveia tratada com inibidores de herbicida de desintoxicação (malathion + chlorpyrifos) ou a redução da eficácia do herbicida em plantas pulverizadas com o estimulador de desintoxicação (mefenpyr-diethyl) sugerem que a degradação de iodosulfuron-methyl é o mecanismo envolvido na sua seletividade em plantas de aveia.